opalbeauty Forum Posts

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opalbeauty Forum Posts




opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 4:10 PM CST
ttom500 wrote:
Just out of curioustity, Opal. What should we do with the 82 Senators
and I think it was 256 congressmen that voted positive for the war?

If this is a immoral war, should they not be held accountable as well?
Could we not impeach everyone of them? Voting for a immoral war is
as you say a immpeach offense. I know Congressmen can be impeached. Seems like we need to add....about.....338 names to your st.


Tom, can you not see that the majority now accept that they were misled and manipulated into an illegal war. And more and more truth will come to light. You never know tom, these criminals just might pay for their crimes on America and humanity one day. And as I have said cogress did not have the same information as these criminals were planning.

I guess you don't believe the Downing Street Memo's have any merit either....

Thanks to a formerly secret memorandum published by the London Sunday Times on May 1, during the run-up to the British elections, we now have a partial answer to that question. The memo, which records the minutes of a meeting of Prime Minister Tony Blair's senior foreign policy and security officials, shows that even as President Bush told Americans in October 2002 that he "hope[d] the use of force will not become necessary"—that such a decision depended on whether or not the Iraqis complied with his demands to rid themselves of their weapons of mass destruction—the President had in fact already definitively decided, at least three months before, to choose this "last resort" of going "into battle" with Iraq. Whatever the Iraqis chose to do or not do, the President's decision to go to war had long since been made.

On July 23, 2002, eight months before American and British forces invaded, senior British officials met with Prime Minister Tony Blair to discuss Iraq. The gathering, similar to an American "principals meeting," brought together Geoffrey Hoon, the defense secretary; Jack Straw, the foreign secretary; Lord Goldsmith, the attorney general; John Scarlett, the head of the Joint Intelligence Committee, which advises the prime minister; Sir Richard Dearlove, also known as "C," the head of MI6 (the equivalent of the CIA); David Manning, the equivalent of the national security adviser; Admiral Sir Michael Boyce, the chief of the Defense Staff (or CDS, equivalent to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs); Jonathan Powell, Blair's chief of staff; Alastair Campbell, director of strategy (Blair's communications and political adviser); and Sally Morgan, director of government relations.

After John Scarlett began the meeting with a summary of intelligence on Iraq—notably, that "the regime was tough and based on extreme fear" and that thus the "only way to overthrow it was likely to be by massive military action," "C" offered a report on his visit to Washington, where he had conducted talks with George Tenet, his counterpart at the CIA, and other high officials. This passage is worth quoting in full:

C reported on his recent talks in Washington. There was a perceptible shift in attitude. Military action was now seen as inevitable. Bush wanted to remove Saddam, through military action, justified by the conjunction of terrorism and WMD. But the intelligence and facts were being fixed around the policy. The NSC had no patience with the UN route, and no enthusiasm for publishing material on the Iraqi regime's record. There was little discussion in Washington of the aftermath after military action.





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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 3:39 PM CST
Indyfella wrote:
It's usually best to stick with 1 verb and 1 noun on this thread.


and much easier for some to stick to one liners. JMHO grin


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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 2:47 PM CST
Sparky55 wrote:
OK Opal, Tenet now says he flew to Crawford and briefed the President on the threat yet he testified under oath to the 9/11 commission that he didn't brief the President. He also never indicated that he was in anyway brushed off by Rice.

What we don't really know and probably never will know about Tenet is which version is the truth. What we do know about Tenet is that one way or another he's a liar. Now, we have to ask ourselves do we really want to place a lot of faith in the statement of a liar?

Think about it. What did he have to gain from perjuring himself to the 9/11 commission? It would seem that he would have exhonerated himself from any culpability for the 9/11 attacks had he made what he now calls a true statement about the Bush briefing. I would think since everyone was looking to place the blame on someone, this would have been a pretty safe out. I don't see what he gained by telling a lie to them to protect Bush. Tenet had been around Washington long enough to know that the rule of thumb is to cover your own ass.

In contrast, I do see what he has to gain from be less than honest now. ($$$$). I'm sure his book will be a huge success and I seriously doubt he'll ever be called to task for perjury.

Given this, I don't buy Tenet's new version of the facts.


I agree George Tenet is now trying to save face and make money in the process but just because he took the fall doesn't mean Bush, Cheney, Pearl, Feith, Rice to name a few are innocent of the illegal, immoral war on Iraq.

And it is obvious that Bush or Rice wasn't interested in listening to what Tenet was saying about Bin Laden and there is evidence to prove that Tenet was indeed briefing Bush on Bin Laden and Al-Queda but who knows what they were actually planning, because what they were concerned about and were looking for was cherry picked info to go to war on Iraq. What a shame, they all need to be on trial for war crimes.

George Tenet Lies About His Lies

http://www.antiwar.com/orig/giraldi.php?articleid=10965



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 1:35 PM CST
Sparky55 wrote:
Opal, if the hair on fire meeting was so important why did Tenet wait till 2006 to say anything about it? We've beat this horse already in this thread. Someone (I believe a reporter) asked Rice if she recalled a specific meeting on July 10th 2001 some time, months after 9/11. Rice told reporters aboard her airplane that she did not recall the specific meeting on July 10, 2001, noting that she had met repeatedly with Mr. Tenet that summer about terrorist threats". Ms. Rice, also said it was “incomprehensible” she ignored dire terrorist threats two months before the Sept. 11 attacks". Now if you see this as something she conveniently forgot then I guess that's your opinion.

This is from the NYT article you sourced earlier in this thread.

If there were any real meat to this the Dems would run the whole administration out of town on a rail. Unfortunately, based on the behavior of the Dems, the empty promises made thus far and backed up by their action or lack there of, I think it's pretty clear this whole war of words is just that - A War of Words. I don't believe if they tried to impeach at this point they would come out looking like the bad guys if they actually had a case. It's no secret the better part of the nation would enjoy seeing the removal of Bush and others. What I believe is really happening is that they are smart enough to know that keeping this facade up as long as possible enables them to say whatever they like and people, based on their dislike, hate, etc.. for Bush will believe whatever they say.

When they actually grow some balls and put their asses on the line with some conviction then perhaps I will reconsider but I'm certain that isn't happening with the majority of characters we currently have representing us. And I don't mean just the Dems. The whole thing is nothing more than a sick joke and we're too busy fighting ove party politics to see what's really going on. In short Opal, The Dems and Reps are not representing you and me. They are simply trying to gain power.


So they went through the 9/11 commission archieves and found that Tenet did speak of a meeting with Rice but did not mention the July 10th date and did not say that he felt he was being brushed off. Like I said before they were covering for each other....Bush and Tenet.

I am convinced there is a cover up and I'm not sure what it would uncover but a lot of crimes and corruption. And Bush was in charge of the mob. This is something to consider....

Crimes and Corruptions....

http://mparent7777.blogspot.com/2007/05/they-knew-tenets-book-

reveals-9-11.html

George Tenet's new book, At the Center of the Storm, reveals something extremely important about events in the final weeks before 9/11. For the first time, the former CIA Director admits he flew to Crawford in late August, just weeks before the attack by al-Qaeda cells known to be in the U.S., and briefed President George W. Bush personally about the threat.

This briefing followed a CIA PDB read to the President on August 6 in a meeting with Harriet Miers, then the President's lawyer, and an emergency meeting between Tenet and Condi Rice on July 10 on the same subject.

It also reveals that in order to cover up the last meeting, Tenet committed perjury before the 9/11 Commission when he denied meeting with Bush in the month before the attack. According to the White House website, Bush met in Crawford with Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, National Security Advisor Condi Rice, and the present and former Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Generals Meyers and Pace, on August 24, 2001.




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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 10:32 AM CST
Cofer Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

J. Cofer BlackJ. (Joseph) Cofer Black had a 28-year career in the Directorate of Operations at the Central Intelligence Agency, culminating in his appointment as Director of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) in June 1999.

opalbeauty wrote:
I don't think that is the case because they didn't have the same info as Bush and Cheney. Remember the "hair on fire" emergency meeting Tenet called with Rice that they couldn't remember...."If one could suspend disbelief to accept that all three officials forgot about the meeting when they were interviewed, then one possibility is that the memory of one of them was later jogged by notes or documents that describe the meeting. If such documents exist, the 9/11 Commission should have seen them." According to Woodward’s book, Cofer Black exonerates them all this way: Though the investigators had access to all the paperwork about the meeting, Black felt there were things the commissions wanted to know about and things they didn’t want to know about.” The notion that both the 9/11 Commission and the Congressional Joint Inquiry that investigated the intelligence prior to 9/11 did not want to know about such essential information is simply absurd. At a minimum, the withholding of information about this meeting is an outrage. Very possibly, someone committed a crime. And worst of all, they failed to stop the plot." – Peter Rundlet

Like Congress knew all about this and everything else that was going on in the CIA. I don't even know why douglas Feith got clearance to work at the CIA since he had been charged with espinoge for Isreal.

I do however think congress is weak for relying on polls and it is election year they don't want to look like the bad guys now.



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 10:24 AM CST
Sparky55 wrote:
Seems everyone is pissing Opal. Unfortunately, the same people stating that Bush is breaking all those laws and telling the flock they will take care of Bush are the same ones pissing down the country's back and telling us it's raining

http://www.gnn.tv/headlines/17670/House_Democrats_kill_resolution_to_impeach_Bush

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi ruled out any impeachment of Bush as soon as the Democrats won control of Congress in November 2006. Impeachment resolutions against Cheney were introduced in May and November of 2007 and killed each time by the Democrats, in the same fashion as the Bush impeachment resolution Wednesday.

The Democratic leadership seeks to block any vote to conceal as much as possible their role as the last line of defense for the Bush administration…It would also inevitably raise the question of who in Congress was complicit with Bush’s criminal conduct over the past seven years—tarring Democrats as well as Republicans, since a majority of Senate Democrats and a large number of House Democrats voted for the Iraq war resolution in 2002.


I don't think that is the case because they didn't have the same info as Bush and Cheney. Remember the "hair on fire" emergency meeting Tenet called with Rice that they couldn't remember...."If one could suspend disbelief to accept that all three officials forgot about the meeting when they were interviewed, then one possibility is that the memory of one of them was later jogged by notes or documents that describe the meeting. If such documents exist, the 9/11 Commission should have seen them." According to Woodward’s book, Cofer Black exonerates them all this way: Though the investigators had access to all the paperwork about the meeting, Black felt there were things the commissions wanted to know about and things they didn’t want to know about.” The notion that both the 9/11 Commission and the Congressional Joint Inquiry that investigated the intelligence prior to 9/11 did not want to know about such essential information is simply absurd. At a minimum, the withholding of information about this meeting is an outrage. Very possibly, someone committed a crime. And worst of all, they failed to stop the plot." – Peter Rundlet

Like Congress knew all about this and everything else that was going on in the CIA. I don't even know why douglas Feith got clearance to work at the CIA since he had been charged with espinoge for Isreal.

I do however think congress is weak for relying on polls and it is election year they don't want to look like the bad guys now.



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 10:08 AM CST
WhatUwish4 wrote:
I also agree about researching this - but at the moment I'm more concerned with the future. I first want to research the upcoming candidates so we have time to either support them or not. If we elect the wrong person, it's just more bad news. And besides, Obama has already said he would undo any laws that are unconstitutional, right?


Yep, just like when Bush took office he undid pollution laws that were passed in Tennessee by Clinton and Gore. Had to pay his supporters even if the people suffer the consequences.


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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 10:05 AM CST
opalbeauty wrote:
In January, after the Globe first wrote about Bush's contention that he could disobey the torture ban, three Republicans who were the bill's principal sponsors in the Senate -- John McCain of Arizona, John W. Warner of Virginia, and Lindsey O. Graham of South Carolina -- all publicly rebuked the president.

''We believe the president understands Congress's intent in passing, by very large majorities, legislation governing the treatment of detainees," McCain and Warner said in a joint statement. ''The Congress declined when asked by administration officials to include a presidential waiver of the restrictions included in our le
gislation." on Feb 13th, 2008 at 5:49 pm Maverick Fails The Test: McCain Votes Against Waterboarding Ban»
Today, the Senate brought the Intelligence Authorization Bill to the floor, which contained a provision from Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) establishing one interrogation standard across the government. The bill requires the intelligence community to abide by the same standards as articulated in the Army Field Manual and bans waterboarding.

Just hours ago, the Senate voted in favor of the bill, 51-45.

Earlier today, ThinkProgress noted that Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), a former prisoner of war, has spoken strongly in favor of implementing the Army Field Manual standard. When confronted today with the decision of whether to stick with his conscience or cave to the right wing, McCain chose to ditch his principles and instead vote to preserve waterboarding:

Mr. McCain, a former prisoner of war, has consistently voiced opposition to waterboarding and other methods that critics say is a form torture. But the Republicans, confident of a White House veto, did not mount the challenge. Mr. McCain voted “no” on Wednesday afternoon.

The New York Times Times notes that “the White House has long said Mr. Bush will veto the bill, saying it ‘would prevent the president from taking the lawful actions necessary to protect Americans from attack in wartime.’”

After Bush vetoes the bill, McCain will again be confronted with a vote to either stand with President Bush or stand against torture. He indicated with his vote today where he will come down on that issue.

John McCain: He was against waterboarding before he was for it.

Digg It!


What is highlighted in red is from Bush challenges hundreds of laws
President cites powers of his office
By Charlie Savage, Globe Staff | April 30, 2006

By 2008 McCain is for torture.



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 10:03 AM CST
In January, after the Globe first wrote about Bush's contention that he could disobey the torture ban, three Republicans who were the bill's principal sponsors in the Senate -- John McCain of Arizona, John W. Warner of Virginia, and Lindsey O. Graham of South Carolina -- all publicly rebuked the president.

''We believe the president understands Congress's intent in passing, by very large majorities, legislation governing the treatment of detainees," McCain and Warner said in a joint statement. ''The Congress declined when asked by administration officials to include a presidential waiver of the restrictions included in our le
gislation."



on Feb 13th, 2008 at 5:49 pm Maverick Fails The Test: McCain Votes Against Waterboarding Ban»
Today, the Senate brought the Intelligence Authorization Bill to the floor, which contained a provision from Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) establishing one interrogation standard across the government. The bill requires the intelligence community to abide by the same standards as articulated in the Army Field Manual and bans waterboarding.

Just hours ago, the Senate voted in favor of the bill, 51-45.

Earlier today, ThinkProgress noted that Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), a former prisoner of war, has spoken strongly in favor of implementing the Army Field Manual standard. When confronted today with the decision of whether to stick with his conscience or cave to the right wing, McCain chose to ditch his principles and instead vote to preserve waterboarding:

Mr. McCain, a former prisoner of war, has consistently voiced opposition to waterboarding and other methods that critics say is a form torture. But the Republicans, confident of a White House veto, did not mount the challenge. Mr. McCain voted “no” on Wednesday afternoon.

The New York Times Times notes that “the White House has long said Mr. Bush will veto the bill, saying it ‘would prevent the president from taking the lawful actions necessary to protect Americans from attack in wartime.’”

After Bush vetoes the bill, McCain will again be confronted with a vote to either stand with President Bush or stand against torture. He indicated with his vote today where he will come down on that issue.

John McCain: He was against waterboarding before he was for it.

Digg It!



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:54 AM CST
WhatUwish4 wrote:
Opal. The point of my comment was that this article is making some really strong claims, particularly in the lead sentence. No self-respecting journalist will write such words without attributing them to someone or something. If this reporter publishes a claim that President Bush broke 750 laws, then he needs to say how or where this information came from.


I hope it peaks your interest and you will do reasearch of the laws he has broke. I mean it is your country and your rights and your constitution as well as mine that is being pissed on by Bush.


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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:45 AM CST
Hot_Single_Dude wrote:
He should be triled in the court of law exactly as all other crooks and liers and criminals this W dude!

thanks god he is out soon and his krown prince McCain will hopefully not gain the power as well!


Obama says in his first 100 days of office he will overturn every law that bush has passed that is unconstitutional.


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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:43 AM CST
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29


Bush has declared the congress irrelevant much like the UN

The directive specifies that, following such an emergency, an "Enduring Constitutional Government," comprising "a cooperative effort among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government," coordinated by the President of the United States, will take the place of the nation's regular government, presumably without the oversight of Congress.[4] Conservative activist Jerome Corsi and Marjorie Cohn of the National Lawyers Guild have interpreted this as a break from Constitutional law in that the three branches of government are equal, with no single branch coordinating the others.[5][6] The directive specifies that the president has the power to declare a catastrophic emergency and does not specify who has the power to declare said emergency over.

The directive further stipulates that, in the case of such an emergency, the new position of "National Continuity Coordinator" would be filled by the assistant to the president for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism (this position was held by Frances Townsend until her resignation on November 19, 2007 and is now held by Kenneth L. Wainstein[7]). The directive also specifies that a "Continuity Policy Coordination Committee," to be chaired by a senior director of the Homeland Security Council staff, and selected by the National Continuity Coordinator, shall be "the main day-to-day forum for such policy coordination."

The directive ends by describing a number of "annexes," of which Annex A is described as being not classified but which does not appear on the directive's Web page:



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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:35 AM CST
Ms. Wish here are the sources

Executive order (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_%28United_States%29

This is all under the same link if you have the interest to know how your President is shredding the constitution....


National Security and Homeland Security Presidential Directive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_and_Homeland_Security_Presidential_Directive


Executive Orders Issued by President George W. Bush

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/orders/





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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:30 AM CST
The courts have little chance of reviewing Bush's assertions, especially in the secret realm of national security matters.

''There can't be judicial review if nobody knows about it," said Neil Kinkopf, a Georgia State law professor who was a Justice Department official in the Clinton administration. ''And if they avoid judicial review, they avoid having their constitutional theories rebuked."

Without court involvement, only Congress can check a president who goes too far. But Bush's fellow Republicans control both chambers, and they have shown limited interest in launching the kind of oversight that could damage their party.

''The president is daring Congress to act against his positions, and they're not taking action because they don't want to appear to be too critical of the president, given that their own fortunes are tied to his because they are all Republicans," said Jack Beermann, a Boston University law professor. ''Oversight gets much reduced in a situation where the president and Congress are controlled by the same party."

Said Golove, the New York University law professor: ''Bush has essentially said that 'We're the executive branch and we're going to carry this law out as we please, and if Congress wants to impeach us, go ahead and try it.' "

Bruce Fein, a deputy attorney general in the Reagan administration, said the American system of government relies upon the leaders of each branch ''to exercise some self-restraint." But Bush has declared himself the sole judge of his own powers, he said, and then ruled for himself every time.

''This is an attempt by the president to have the final word on his own constitutional powers, which eliminates the checks and balances that keep the country a democracy," Fein said. ''There is no way for an independent judiciary to check his assertions of power, and Congress isn't doing it, either. So this is moving us toward an unlimited executive power."

© Copyright 2006 Globe Newspaper Company.







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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:29 AM CST
And in March, when the Globe first wrote about Bush's contention that he could ignore the oversight provisions of the Patriot Act, several Democrats lodged complaints.

Senator Patrick J. Leahy of Vermont, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee, accused Bush of trying to ''cherry-pick the laws he decides he wants to follow."

And Representatives Jane Harman of California and John Conyers Jr. of Michigan -- the ranking Democrats on the House Intelligence and Judiciary committees, respectively -- sent a letter to Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales demanding that Bush rescind his claim and abide by the law.

''Many members who supported the final law did so based upon the guarantee of additional reporting and oversight," they wrote. ''The administration cannot, after the fact, unilaterally repeal provisions of the law implementing such oversight. . . . Once the president signs a bill, he and all of us are bound by it."


Lack of court review
Such political fallout from Congress is likely to be the only check on Bush's claims, legal specialists said.




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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:28 AM CST
Indeed, in some cases, the administration has ended up following laws that Bush said he could bypass. For example, citing his power to ''withhold information" in September 2002, Bush declared that he could ignore a law requiring the State Department to list the number of overseas deaths of US citizens in foreign countries. Nevertheless, the department has still put the list on its website.

Jack Goldsmith, a Harvard Law School professor who until last year oversaw the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel for the administration, said the statements do not change the law; they just let people know how the president is interpreting it.

''Nobody reads them," said Goldsmith. ''They have no significance. Nothing in the world changes by the publication of a signing statement. The statements merely serve as public notice about how the administration is interpreting the law. Criticism of this practice is surprising, since the usual complaint is that the administration is too secretive in its legal interpretations."

But Cooper, the Portland State University professor who has studied Bush's first-term signing statements, said the documents are being read closely by one key group of people: the bureaucrats who are charged with implementing new laws.

Lower-level officials will follow the president's instructions even when his understanding of a law conflicts with the clear intent of Congress, crafting policies that may endure long after Bush leaves office, Cooper said.

''Years down the road, people will not understand why the policy doesn't look like the legislation," he said.

And in many cases, critics contend, there is no way to know whether the administration is violating laws -- or merely preserving the right to do so.

Many of the laws Bush has challenged involve national security, where it is almost impossible to verify what the government is doing. And since the disclosure of Bush's domestic spying program, many people have expressed alarm about his sweeping claims of the authority to violate laws.

In January, after the Globe first wrote about Bush's contention that he could disobey the torture ban, three Republicans who were the bill's principal sponsors in the Senate -- John McCain of Arizona, John W. Warner of Virginia, and Lindsey O. Graham of South Carolina -- all publicly rebuked the president.

''We believe the president understands Congress's intent in passing, by very large majorities, legislation governing the treatment of detainees," McCain and Warner said in a joint statement. ''The Congress declined when asked by administration officials to include a presidential waiver of the restrictions included in our legislation."

Added Graham: ''I do not believe that any political figure in the country has the ability to set aside any . . . law of armed conflict that we have adopted or treaties that we have ratified."










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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:28 AM CST
A president who ignores the court, backed by a Congress that is unwilling to challenge him, Golove said, can make the Constitution simply ''disappear."


Common practice in '80s
Though Bush has gone further than any previous president, his actions are not unprecedented.

Since the early 19th century, American presidents have occasionally signed a large bill while declaring that they would not enforce a specific provision they believed was unconstitutional. On rare occasions, historians say, presidents also issued signing statements interpreting a law and explaining any concerns about it.

But it was not until the mid-1980s, midway through the tenure of President Reagan, that it became common for the president to issue signing statements. The change came about after then-Attorney General Edwin Meese decided that signing statements could be used to increase the power of the president.

When interpreting an ambiguous law, courts often look at the statute's legislative history, debate and testimony, to see what Congress intended it to mean. Meese realized that recording what the president thought the law meant in a signing statement might increase a president's influence over future court rulings.

Under Meese's direction in 1986, a young Justice Department lawyer named Samuel A. Alito Jr. wrote a strategy memo about signing statements. It came to light in late 2005, after Bush named Alito to the Supreme Court.

In the memo, Alito predicted that Congress would resent the president's attempt to grab some of its power by seizing ''the last word on questions of interpretation." He suggested that Reagan's legal team should ''concentrate on points of true ambiguity, rather than issuing interpretations that may seem to conflict with those of Congress."

Reagan's successors continued this practice. George H.W. Bush challenged 232 statutes over four years in office, and Bill Clinton objected to 140 laws over his eight years, according to Kelley, the Miami University of Ohio professor.

Many of the challenges involved longstanding legal ambiguities and points of conflict between the president and Congress.



Throughout the past two decades, for example, each president -- including the current one -- has objected to provisions requiring him to get permission from a congressional committee before taking action. The Supreme Court made clear in 1983 that only the full Congress can direct the executive branch to do things, but lawmakers have continued writing laws giving congressional committees such a role.

Still, Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton used the presidential veto instead of the signing statement if they had a serious problem with a bill, giving Congress a chance to override their decisions.

But the current President Bush has abandoned the veto entirely, as well as any semblance of the political caution that Alito counseled back in 1986. In just five years, Bush has challenged more than 750 new laws, by far a record for any president, while becoming the first president since Thomas Jefferson to stay so long in office without issuing a veto.

''What we haven't seen until this administration is the sheer number of objections that are being raised on every bill passed through the White House," said Kelley, who has studied presidential signing statements through history. ''That is what is staggering. The numbers are well out of the norm from any previous administration."


Exaggerated fears?
Some administration defenders say that concerns about Bush's signing statements are overblown. Bush's signing statements, they say, should be seen as little more than political chest-thumping by administration lawyers who are dedicated to protecting presidential prerogatives.

Defenders say the fact that Bush is reserving the right to disobey the laws does not necessarily mean he has gone on to disobey them.





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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:27 AM CST
In his signing statements, Bush has repeatedly asserted that the Constitution gives him the right to ignore numerous sections of the bills -- sometimes including provisions that were the subject of negotiations with Congress in order to get lawmakers to pass the bill. He has appended such statements to more than one of every 10 bills he has signed.

''He agrees to a compromise with members of Congress, and all of them are there for a public bill-signing ceremony, but then he takes back those compromises -- and more often than not, without the Congress or the press or the public knowing what has happened," said Christopher Kelley, a Miami University of Ohio political science professor who studies executive power.


Military link
Many of the laws Bush said he can bypass -- including the torture ban -- involve the military.

The Constitution grants Congress the power to create armies, to declare war, to make rules for captured enemies, and ''to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces." But, citing his role as commander in chief, Bush says he can ignore any act of Congress that seeks to regulate the military.

On at least four occasions while Bush has been president, Congress has passed laws forbidding US troops from engaging in combat in Colombia, where the US military is advising the government in its struggle against narcotics-funded Marxist rebels.

After signing each bill, Bush declared in his signing statement that he did not have to obey any of the Colombia restrictions because he is commander in chief.

Bush has also said he can bypass laws requiring him to tell Congress before diverting money from an authorized program in order to start a secret operation, such as the ''black sites" where suspected terrorists are secretly imprisoned.

Congress has also twice passed laws forbidding the military from using intelligence that was not ''lawfully collected," including any information on Americans that was gathered in violation of the Fourth Amendment's protections against unreasonable searches.

Congress first passed this provision in August 2004, when Bush's warrantless domestic spying program was still a secret, and passed it again after the program's existence was disclosed in December 2005.

On both occasions, Bush declared in signing statements that only he, as commander in chief, could decide whether such intelligence can be used by the military.






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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:26 AM CST
Golove said that to the extent Bush is interpreting the Constitution in defiance of the Supreme Court's precedents, he threatens to ''overturn the existing structures of constitutional law."

Phillip Cooper, a Portland State University law professor who has studied the executive power claims Bush made during his first term, said Bush and his legal team have spent the past five years quietly working to concentrate ever more governmental power into the White House.

''There is no question that this administration has been involved in a very carefully thought-out, systematic process of expanding presidential power at the expense of the other branches of government," Cooper said. ''This is really big, very expansive, and very significant."

For the first five years of Bush's presidency, his legal claims attracted little attention in Congress or the media. Then, twice in recent months, Bush drew scrutiny after challenging new laws: a torture ban and a requirement that he give detailed reports to Congress about how he is using the Patriot Act.

Bush administration spokesmen declined to make White House or Justice Department attorneys available to discuss any of Bush's challenges to the laws he has signed.

Instead, they referred a Globe reporter to their response to questions about Bush's position that he could ignore provisions of the Patriot Act. They said at the time that Bush was following a practice that has ''been used for several administrations" and that ''the president will faithfully execute the law in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution."

But the words ''in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution" are the catch, legal scholars say, because Bush is according himself the ultimate interpretation of the Constitution. And he is quietly exercising that authority to a degree that is unprecedented in US history.

Bush is the first president in modern history who has never vetoed a bill, giving Congress no chance to override his judgments. Instead, he has signed every bill that reached his desk, often inviting the legislation's sponsors to signing ceremonies at which he lavishes praise upon their work.

Then, after the media and the lawmakers have left the White House, Bush quietly files ''signing statements" -- official documents in which a president lays out his legal interpretation of a bill for the federal bureaucracy to follow when implementing the new law. The statements are recorded in the federal register.




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opalbeauty
Worcester County USA
Posted: Jun 24, 2008, 9:25 AM CST
The provision was included because lawmakers feared that Bush appointees were intimidating nuclear specialists so they would not testify about safety issues related to a planned nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada -- a facility the administration supported, but both Republicans and Democrats from Nevada opposed.

When Bush signed the energy bill, he issued a signing statement declaring that the executive branch could ignore the whistle-blower protections.

Bush's statement did more than send a threatening message to federal energy specialists inclined to raise concerns with Congress; it also raised the possibility that Bush would not feel bound to obey similar whistle-blower laws that were on the books before he became president. His domestic spying program, for example, violated a surveillance law enacted 23 years before he took office.

David Golove, a New York University law professor who specializes in executive-power issues, said Bush has cast a cloud over ''the whole idea that there is a rule of law," because no one can be certain of which laws Bush thinks are valid and which he thinks he can ignore.

''Where you have a president who is willing to declare vast quantities of the legislation that is passed during his term unconstitutional, it implies that he also thinks a very significant amount of the other laws that were already on the books before he became president are also unconstitutional," Golove said.


Defying Supreme Court
Bush has also challenged statutes in which Congress gave certain executive branch officials the power to act independently of the president. The Supreme Court has repeatedly endorsed the power of Congress to make such arrangements. For example, the court has upheld laws creating special prosecutors free of Justice Department oversight and insulating the board of the Federal Trade Commission from political interference.

Nonetheless, Bush has said in his signing statements that the Constitution lets him control any executive official, no matter what a statute passed by Congress might say.

In November 2002, for example, Congress, seeking to generate independent statistics about student performance, passed a law setting up an educational research institute to conduct studies and publish reports ''without the approval" of the Secretary of Education. Bush, however, decreed that the institute's director would be ''subject to the supervision and direction of the secretary of education."

Similarly, the Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld affirmative-action programs, as long as they do not include quotas. Most recently, in 2003, the court upheld a race-conscious university admissions program over the strong objections of Bush, who argued that such programs should be struck down as unconstitutional.

Yet despite the court's rulings, Bush has taken exception at least nine times to provisions that seek to ensure that minorities are represented among recipients of government jobs, contracts, and grants. Each time, he singled out the provisions, declaring that he would construe them ''in a manner consistent with" the Constitution's guarantee of ''equal protection" to all -- which some legal scholars say amounts to an argument that the affirmative-action provisions represent reverse discrimination against whites.




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