Listeria must then navigate to the cell's periphery to spread the infection to other cells. Outside of the body, Listeria has flagellar-driven motility, sometimes described as a "tumbling motility." However, at 37°C, flagella cease to develop and the bacteria instead usurps the host cell's cytoskeleton to move. Listeria, inventively, polymerizes an actin tail or "comet" , using host-produced actin filaments with the promotion of virulence factor ActA. The comet forms in a polar manner and aids the bacteria's migration to the host cell's outer membrane. Gelsolin, an actin filament severing protein, localizes at the tail of Listeria and accelerates the bacterium's motility. Once at the cell surface, the actin-propelled Listeria pushes against the cell's membrane to form protrusions called filopods or "rockets". The protrusions are guided by the cell's leading edge to contact adjacent cells which subsequently engulf the Listeria rocket and the process is repeated, perpetuating the infection. Once phagocytosed, the Listeria is never again extracellular: it is an intracytoplasmic parasite like Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia.
Epidemiology The Center for Science in the Public Interest has published a list of foods that have sometimes caused outbreaks of Listeria: hot dogs, deli meats, raw milk, cheeses (particularly soft-ripened cheeses like feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined, or Mexican-style “queso blanco”), raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, ice cream, raw vegetables, raw and smoked fish and the green lip mussel.
Prevention The prevention of Listeria as a food illness involves effective sanitation of food contact surfaces. Alcohol has proven to be an effective topical sanitizer against Listeria. Quaternary ammonium can be used in conjunction with alcohol as a food contact safe sanitizer with increased duration of the sanitizing action. Nonflammable Alcohol Vapour in carbon dioxide NAV-CO2 systems or sodium hypochlorite are frequently used to sanitize surfaces to prevent Listeria.
Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium commonly found in soil, stream water, sewage, plants, and food. Each bacterium is gram-positive and rod-shaped. Listeria are known to be the bacteria responsible for listeriosis, a rare but lethal food-borne infection that has a devastating case fatality rate of 25% (Salmonella, in comparison, has a less than 1% mortality rate). They are incredibly hardy and able to grow in temperatures ranging from 4°C (39°F), the temperature of a refrigerator, to 37°C (99°F), the body's internal temperature. Furthermore, listerosis's deadliness can be partially attributed to the infection's ability to spread to the nervous system and cause meningitis. Finally, Listeria has a particularly high occurrence rate in newborns because of its ability to infect the fetus by penetrating the endothelial layer of the placenta.
Pathogenesis Listeria uses the cellular machinery to move around inside the host cell: it induces directed polymerization of actin by the ActA transmembrane protein, thus pushing the bacterial cell around.
Listeria monocytogenes, for example, encodes virulence genes which are thermoregulated. The expression of virulence factor is optimal at 37 degrees Celsius and is controlled by a transcriptional activator, PrfA, whose expression is thermoregulated by the PrfA thermoregulator UTR element. At low temperatures, the PrfA transcript is not translated due to structural elements near the ribosome binding site. As the bacteria infects the host, the temperature of the host melts the structure and allows translation initiation for the virulent genes.
Mechanism of infection The majority of Listeria bacteria are targeted by the immune system before they are able to cause infection. Those that escape the immune system's initial response, however, spread though intracellular mechanisms and are therefore guarded against circulating immune factors (AMI).
To invade, Listeria induces macrophage phagocytic uptake by displaying D-galactose receptors that are then bound by the macrophage's polysaccharide receptors (Notably, in most bacterial infections it is the host cell, not the bacteria, that displays the polysaccharide). Once phagocytosed, the bacteria is encapsulated by the host cell's acidic phagolysosome organelle. Listeria, however, escapes the phagolysosome by lysing the vacuole's entire membrane with secreted hemolysin, now characterized as the exotoxin listeriolysin O. The bacteria then replicate inside the host cell's cytoplasm.
yes i do next week i am going to the hospital it scared me more because my mom had a stoke at 34 years old and last week when i went to the hospital a 28 year old made a stoke and died she was just beside me it made me think how life is so precious.
Sorry didn't want to confused you i know who Carole king is and no she is not her my cousin change her name to Carole ann king because of the confusion i've found some info on my uncle
1984 Entertainer Inductee Bob King
(1934-1989) Bob King was born in Joyceville, Ontario and moved to Ottawa with his mother in the late 1930’s. With the support of his stepfather, Bob mastered the guitar as a teen and, with two friends, now known as the “Country Cousins”, entered and won numerous amateur contests. The decision to become a fulltime country music entertainer was made at age 16, and a subsequent solo competition saw him win first place over another aspiring singer, Paul Anka.
Ottawa DJ, “Long John” Corrigan, arranged a guest spot with Mac Beattie and the legendary Ottawa Valley Melodiers. In 1954, Bob’s recording of “Laurel Lee” sold over 40,000 copies. At the same time, he was invited to become a member of Wilma Lee and Stoney Cooper’s Clinch Mountain Clan, and performed with them on a daily radio show in West Virginia. He also toured with Doc Williams and Hawkshaw Hawkins, and performed with the legendary Elvis Presley in Norfolk, Virginia.
Returning to Canada, Bob joined the Wilf Carter Show and then, at the request of Ken Reynolds, became a founding member, with “Papa” Joe Brown and fiddler Ward Allen, of the CFRA Happy Wanderers. With this group, he performed on thousands of live radio shows and a total of 59 television shows, and made uncountable personal appearances.
Moving from RCA to Rodeo Records, Bob went to record 13 albums and release 40 singles. At this time, he also encouraged and concentrated on his wife, Marie’s singing career, becoming her manager and producer and contributing to the success of her first single, “The French Song”, which resulted in sales of 50,000 copies. Bob produced Marie’s first ten albums, including the certified gold record “Allo Mon P’tit Bobby”. He also encouraged and promoted his son and daughter in their musical careers and completed his own career as road manager and featured singer with the Marie King Road Show.
i am looking to have a picture of my cousin somewhere with info
don't worry i know Carole Ann my cousin since i am young it's just we didn't see each other alot because she is on tour alot of time doing country festival in ontario and quebec and around canada
wonderwoman1 Forum Posts (241)
what dirty mind you we're about to tell us i dare you 
hugz
Impossible thing's to do!
it's impossible to draw a cow on a piece of paper on your head