Here is a list of Education Blogs ordered by Last Post Date, posted by members. A Blog is a journal you may enter about your life, thoughts, interesting experiences, or lessons you've learned. Post an opinion, impart words of wisdom, or talk about something interesting in your day. Update your blog on a regular basis, or just whenever you have something to say. Creating a blog is a good way to share something of yourself with others. Reading blogs is a good way to learn more about others. Click here to post a blog.
The Sequel: An apology from the Three Antagonists.???
What is the point for making the original blog on "An apology from the Three Antagonists." .
You belong to God
God created heavens and earth and everything needful,so man can live with God.
But man sined so is out of paradise.And so now so many men don,t know God ,even think that God do not exist. So man need to read and learn truth from God in bible and to believe and obey God in bible,
man need obey two greatest commandments:1. Love God with all heart..,2. love your neighbours as
yourself. and ten commandments, this an able man to return to God and live with God.
Learn also new testament and get to know Jesus christ, and believe and obey him.
You belong to God,without God you have nothing.
So seek truth and get to know God and so to return to him.
God is Love and is Good.
There is Life and there is death.
Jesus is Lord of Life and Devil is lord of death.
so sin brings death and destruction ,so do no sin and no evil.
repent and improve when you sin so that sin will be erased or remited.
God bless.
But man sined so is out of paradise.And so now so many men don,t know God ,even think that God do not exist. So man need to read and learn truth from God in bible and to believe and obey God in bible,
man need obey two greatest commandments:1. Love God with all heart..,2. love your neighbours as
yourself. and ten commandments, this an able man to return to God and live with God.
Learn also new testament and get to know Jesus christ, and believe and obey him.
You belong to God,without God you have nothing.
So seek truth and get to know God and so to return to him.
God is Love and is Good.
There is Life and there is death.
Jesus is Lord of Life and Devil is lord of death.
so sin brings death and destruction ,so do no sin and no evil.
repent and improve when you sin so that sin will be erased or remited.
God bless.
More than 1.5 billion masks will pollute oceans this year.
Oh well at least the masks make the liberals feel good.
online today!
If it's true ... Maybe they had something to say
Scientists claim that they have discovered that there are an infinite number of parallel universes in which there is a slightly different person from the "I" among each of us. Most of all, each of us has an infinite number of "doubles", so to speak. There is basically an "I" and an "you" and any of us in each of these parallel universes.
For those who find it hard to believe this ... and wonder if that's the case, then where are they ..well they're not in outer space as you might think ... but it's a little more complicated than that ..Their explanation it would be that each body functions at a certain frequency .... the molecules move at a certain rate ... they vibrate at a certain frequency in each universe ..both ours and the other universes .... fact for which they can exist or coexist in the same place and yet in a different place each at the same time ... that is, as a position they are still here but in a different universe ... on a different frequency ..
Finally, I hope I have clarified this chapter ... because I would like to move on to today's topic.
If all this is true, I was thinking of children who die before they are born. Maybe they were conceived with a purpose, not by pure chance, and maybe their fate was cruel because the Creator decided so, but maybe, their conception, their coming into the world for a short period of time. it is not by chance, perhaps They lived a life somewhere in one or more of these parallel universes, perhaps their love for their family was so great that they wanted to make their presence known here as well. And perhaps, their journey in life, their purpose was achieved, which is why God decided to keep them with Him, but somehow they asked Him to give them the chance to make their presence known in other worlds where their family will continue to exist, to send a message. Maybe they just wanted to send a message, saying "hey, I was part of this family once, and I loved you so much, my dear parents. ..thank you for what you offered me when I lived with you, I love you "and so their life ends leaving a mark in our lives. A message of Farewell, attached to a bouquet of thanks and wrapped with love. I don't know if any of this is true or if it's just words and suspicions, but I think how nice it would be if that were the case. Maybe God created things we don't know, because we weren't taught or we weren't allowed to know, by people who can control the world ... Thank you for your attention.
For those who find it hard to believe this ... and wonder if that's the case, then where are they ..well they're not in outer space as you might think ... but it's a little more complicated than that ..Their explanation it would be that each body functions at a certain frequency .... the molecules move at a certain rate ... they vibrate at a certain frequency in each universe ..both ours and the other universes .... fact for which they can exist or coexist in the same place and yet in a different place each at the same time ... that is, as a position they are still here but in a different universe ... on a different frequency ..
Finally, I hope I have clarified this chapter ... because I would like to move on to today's topic.
If all this is true, I was thinking of children who die before they are born. Maybe they were conceived with a purpose, not by pure chance, and maybe their fate was cruel because the Creator decided so, but maybe, their conception, their coming into the world for a short period of time. it is not by chance, perhaps They lived a life somewhere in one or more of these parallel universes, perhaps their love for their family was so great that they wanted to make their presence known here as well. And perhaps, their journey in life, their purpose was achieved, which is why God decided to keep them with Him, but somehow they asked Him to give them the chance to make their presence known in other worlds where their family will continue to exist, to send a message. Maybe they just wanted to send a message, saying "hey, I was part of this family once, and I loved you so much, my dear parents. ..thank you for what you offered me when I lived with you, I love you "and so their life ends leaving a mark in our lives. A message of Farewell, attached to a bouquet of thanks and wrapped with love. I don't know if any of this is true or if it's just words and suspicions, but I think how nice it would be if that were the case. Maybe God created things we don't know, because we weren't taught or we weren't allowed to know, by people who can control the world ... Thank you for your attention.
DATA BILL INDIA 2021 - Protection or Invasion ?
As from last few years , there were several cases about "Citizen's Fundamental Right To Privacy" , our Supreme Court ordered present Govt. to deliver some solid action regarding this...
And our Govt. has brought this "Data Protection Bill 2021" to fulfil that requirement directed by Supreme Court , at least our Govt. claiming to do so ...
But
My question is ,
Is it really the intention to "Protect" our Data as well as Privacy !?
Or
Under "Disguise" of "Protection" , our Govt. in fact Creating the Opportunity to "Invade" into our Personal Space and "Monitor" our Personal Data Without even our Conscious Consent !??
Our "Right To Privacy" Should Not be Implemented ONLY UPON Private Companies , but ALSO UPON our GOVT. as well...
Because , our Govt. is nothing but another power hungry representative of some political party , and they are not trustworthy or beyond doubt at all , specially when it comes to the safety and protection of personal rights of our citizens ...
As We have all ready witnessed many disappointing incidents lead by our present Govt. ...
And our Govt. has brought this "Data Protection Bill 2021" to fulfil that requirement directed by Supreme Court , at least our Govt. claiming to do so ...
But
My question is ,
Is it really the intention to "Protect" our Data as well as Privacy !?
Or
Under "Disguise" of "Protection" , our Govt. in fact Creating the Opportunity to "Invade" into our Personal Space and "Monitor" our Personal Data Without even our Conscious Consent !??
Our "Right To Privacy" Should Not be Implemented ONLY UPON Private Companies , but ALSO UPON our GOVT. as well...
Because , our Govt. is nothing but another power hungry representative of some political party , and they are not trustworthy or beyond doubt at all , specially when it comes to the safety and protection of personal rights of our citizens ...
As We have all ready witnessed many disappointing incidents lead by our present Govt. ...
what brings faith or faithless in God
Believing in God is needful, it make possible to go away from sin and from evil and agree with God in love
and so to be saved and live with God forever in happiness.
Faithless cause to go away from God and so to be rebelled against God,and so comes sicknesses
death and destruction.
who cause doubts and faithless? is the devil who is rebelled against God, so he fight to mislead and deceive
men with false and lead to rebellion and evil doing and so to sin against God,
and so cause men to go in hell.So man have free will and need to reject devil and so to believe in God and will be free from sin and from evil, and will be saved.
Believing and obeying God it free you from all bad and save you.
God is the Creator, you belong to God, so don,t lose time start believing and obeying God,
time is short, if you die without believing and without obeying God, comes judgement and hell.
read bible and believe Jesus Christ and you will be saved.
Every good comes from God. every evil comes from devil.
So devil soon will go in hell. and this world will end and will be kingdom of God on earth.
Love God with all heart.., and love your neighbours as yourself.
God is love and is good,love and do good to help you to enlighten you and free you from darkness.
All who loves Truth comes to God, but those who love false are gone to evil...!
those that loves good and do so, will be away from evil.
God bless.
and so to be saved and live with God forever in happiness.
Faithless cause to go away from God and so to be rebelled against God,and so comes sicknesses
death and destruction.
who cause doubts and faithless? is the devil who is rebelled against God, so he fight to mislead and deceive
men with false and lead to rebellion and evil doing and so to sin against God,
and so cause men to go in hell.So man have free will and need to reject devil and so to believe in God and will be free from sin and from evil, and will be saved.
Believing and obeying God it free you from all bad and save you.
God is the Creator, you belong to God, so don,t lose time start believing and obeying God,
time is short, if you die without believing and without obeying God, comes judgement and hell.
read bible and believe Jesus Christ and you will be saved.
Every good comes from God. every evil comes from devil.
So devil soon will go in hell. and this world will end and will be kingdom of God on earth.
Love God with all heart.., and love your neighbours as yourself.
God is love and is good,love and do good to help you to enlighten you and free you from darkness.
All who loves Truth comes to God, but those who love false are gone to evil...!
those that loves good and do so, will be away from evil.
God bless.
Biden is Succeeding at helping the USA citizens long term
Sure, Biden hasn't been perfect. He's made some mistakes.
However, he inherited a terrible mess from the previous "so-called" president,
and has in most situations, however not all, made things much better.
Most importantly, he is changing America long term for the better.
He's been helping the downtrodden to have a better life in America,
helping close the gap between the haves and the have nots.
It's ironic, that many of those downtrodden don't yet approve of his presidency.
Perhaps that will change, as they slowly better understand how Biden is helping.
Time will tell.
Yesterday from The Palm Beach Daily News;
(Continued in my next comment box below)
However, he inherited a terrible mess from the previous "so-called" president,
and has in most situations, however not all, made things much better.
Most importantly, he is changing America long term for the better.
He's been helping the downtrodden to have a better life in America,
helping close the gap between the haves and the have nots.
It's ironic, that many of those downtrodden don't yet approve of his presidency.
Perhaps that will change, as they slowly better understand how Biden is helping.
Time will tell.
Yesterday from The Palm Beach Daily News;
In response to:
Joe Biden is succeeding
David Brooks
Sat, November 27, 2021, 7:01 AM
Joe Biden came to the White House at a pivotal moment in American history. We had become a country dividing into two nations, one highly educated and affluent and the other left behind. The economic gaps further inflamed cultural and social gaps, creating an atmosphere of intense polarization, cultural hostility, alienation, bitterness and resentment.
As president, Biden had mostly economic levers to try to bridge this cold civil war. He championed three gigantic pieces of legislation to create a more equal, more just and more united society: the COVID stimulus bill, the infrastructure bill and what became Build Back Better, to invest in human infrastructure.
All of these bills were written to funnel money to the parts of the country that were less educated, less affluent, left behind. Adam Hersh, a visiting economist at the Economic Policy Institute, projects that more than 80% of the new jobs created by the infrastructure plan will not require a college degree.
These gigantic proposals were bold endeavors. Some thought them too bold. Economist Larry Summers thought the stimulus package, for example, was too big. It could overstimulate the economy and lead to inflation.
Larry is one of the most intelligent people I’ve ever known and someone I really admire. If I were an economist, I might have agreed with him. But I’m a journalist with a sociological bent. For over a decade I have been covering a country that was economically, socially and morally coming apart. I figured one way to reverse that was to turbocharge the economy and create white-hot labor markets that would lift wages at the bottom. If inflation was a byproduct, so be it. The trade-off is worth it to prevent a national rupture.
The Biden $1.9 trillion stimulus package passed and has been tremendously successful. It heated the overall economy. The Conference Board projects that real GDP growth will be about 5% this quarter. The unemployment rate is falling. Retail sales are surging. Two-thirds of Americans feel their household’s financial situation is good.
But the best part is that the benefits are flowing to those down the educational and income ladder. In just the first month of payments, the expanded Child Tax Credit piece of the stimulus bill kept 3 million American children out of poverty. Pay for hourly workers in the leisure and hospitality sector jumped 13% in August compared with the previous year. By June, there were more nonfarm job openings than there had been at any time in American history. Workers have tremendous power these days.
The infrastructure bill Biden just signed will boost American productivity for years to come. As Ellen Zentner of Morgan Stanley told The Economist recently, it’s a rule of thumb that an extra $100 billion in annual infrastructure spending could increase growth by roughly a tenth of a percentage point — which is significant in an economy the size of ours. Federal infrastructure spending will be almost as large a share of annual GDP as the average level during Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.....
Joe Biden is succeeding
David Brooks
Sat, November 27, 2021, 7:01 AM
Joe Biden came to the White House at a pivotal moment in American history. We had become a country dividing into two nations, one highly educated and affluent and the other left behind. The economic gaps further inflamed cultural and social gaps, creating an atmosphere of intense polarization, cultural hostility, alienation, bitterness and resentment.
As president, Biden had mostly economic levers to try to bridge this cold civil war. He championed three gigantic pieces of legislation to create a more equal, more just and more united society: the COVID stimulus bill, the infrastructure bill and what became Build Back Better, to invest in human infrastructure.
All of these bills were written to funnel money to the parts of the country that were less educated, less affluent, left behind. Adam Hersh, a visiting economist at the Economic Policy Institute, projects that more than 80% of the new jobs created by the infrastructure plan will not require a college degree.
These gigantic proposals were bold endeavors. Some thought them too bold. Economist Larry Summers thought the stimulus package, for example, was too big. It could overstimulate the economy and lead to inflation.
Larry is one of the most intelligent people I’ve ever known and someone I really admire. If I were an economist, I might have agreed with him. But I’m a journalist with a sociological bent. For over a decade I have been covering a country that was economically, socially and morally coming apart. I figured one way to reverse that was to turbocharge the economy and create white-hot labor markets that would lift wages at the bottom. If inflation was a byproduct, so be it. The trade-off is worth it to prevent a national rupture.
The Biden $1.9 trillion stimulus package passed and has been tremendously successful. It heated the overall economy. The Conference Board projects that real GDP growth will be about 5% this quarter. The unemployment rate is falling. Retail sales are surging. Two-thirds of Americans feel their household’s financial situation is good.
But the best part is that the benefits are flowing to those down the educational and income ladder. In just the first month of payments, the expanded Child Tax Credit piece of the stimulus bill kept 3 million American children out of poverty. Pay for hourly workers in the leisure and hospitality sector jumped 13% in August compared with the previous year. By June, there were more nonfarm job openings than there had been at any time in American history. Workers have tremendous power these days.
The infrastructure bill Biden just signed will boost American productivity for years to come. As Ellen Zentner of Morgan Stanley told The Economist recently, it’s a rule of thumb that an extra $100 billion in annual infrastructure spending could increase growth by roughly a tenth of a percentage point — which is significant in an economy the size of ours. Federal infrastructure spending will be almost as large a share of annual GDP as the average level during Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.....
(Continued in my next comment box below)
Antarctica
by Semir Osmanagic
When reports of the horrific, genocidal actions of Nazi Germany began to arrive in America, it sounded incredible to be true. World War II was finally over, the truth came to the surface, and the "infidels" finally believed ...
“Truth” is a force unto itself. It can be covered up, hidden, buried ... but, sooner or later, it finds its way, like a seed, more potent than ever.
The effort of 2-3% of the educated and rich to keep the remaining 97% of the population in ignorance in the last few thousand years is clearly visible.
The story that follows is not found in the history books. But there are enough testimonies to take it as a very serious possibility.
World War II was coming to an end as General Patton and Marshal Zukov broke the Nazi war machine in the heart of Europe. The dream of a "thousand-year-old Third Reich" melted away. (After all, the Germans were aware that they would lose the war in 1942 when America joined the Allies in operations around and on European soil.) It was obvious that the Nazi core was being extinguished. But not to disappear. The greatest military and political endeavor of the modern age had a "back-up" plan:
first, to infiltrate the military-industrial and intelligence establishment of America, as the world's leading power, and, second, to secure a place on the planet inhabited by a pure "Aryan" race that will be the center of the "Fourth Reich."
From the present point of view, both of these goals seem to have remained unfulfilled. But is that so?
1. The Nazi SS rightly concluded that only the multi-billionaire corporate empire that pulled the main strings behind the American political scene was more powerful than the American government. A leading dynasty among them, the Rockefeller Foundation, appointed, among others, the Dwight Eisenhower as president and exerted significant influence in the media by manipulating public opinion in favor of its goals.
The Rockefellers not only helped Nazi Germany financially, but their Standard Oil (now Exxon - the world's largest oil corporation) literally fueled Nazi conquests of Europe. Nelson Rockefeller (also vice president of the United States in the 1970s) injected an initial number of 3,000 German agents into America, giving them a new identity and positions within the military-industrial complex. This super-secret operation was called PROJECT PAPERCLIP. Several leading scientists, from the famous Peenemunde Aerodynamics Institute (which made the V-1 and V-2 rockets that sowed terror over England), have found their place in American companies.
In 1793, Johann Rockefeller came from Germany to the United States as an immigrant and started a hellish dynasty. Not because he was a German but a German racist who had very dangerous international banking occult connections. In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the THULE Society ("Black Sun" plays a prominent role as a sacred Aryan symbol). The inner core of the Society is made up of "Satanists". In 1934, the branching Rockefeller Empire financially assisted a new German policy of racial superiority in collaboration with Texas wealthy Prescott Bush (the father of ex-president George Bush).
Hitler's second book (besides the famous "Mein Kampf") was called "The New World Order". The Nazis are the originators of the idea of ??specific corporate-political control over the world. Otto Skorzeny and the German Krupp family belong to this elite circle. (Krupp Corporation, among other things, produced ammunition during World War II; but, after the war, as the majority owner of the American giant ITT Corp., they finance secret microwave control projects at Brookhaven National Laboratories at underground bases below Montauk Point, Long Iceland).
When reports of the horrific, genocidal actions of Nazi Germany began to arrive in America, it sounded incredible to be true. World War II was finally over, the truth came to the surface, and the "infidels" finally believed ...
“Truth” is a force unto itself. It can be covered up, hidden, buried ... but, sooner or later, it finds its way, like a seed, more potent than ever.
The effort of 2-3% of the educated and rich to keep the remaining 97% of the population in ignorance in the last few thousand years is clearly visible.
The story that follows is not found in the history books. But there are enough testimonies to take it as a very serious possibility.
World War II was coming to an end as General Patton and Marshal Zukov broke the Nazi war machine in the heart of Europe. The dream of a "thousand-year-old Third Reich" melted away. (After all, the Germans were aware that they would lose the war in 1942 when America joined the Allies in operations around and on European soil.) It was obvious that the Nazi core was being extinguished. But not to disappear. The greatest military and political endeavor of the modern age had a "back-up" plan:
first, to infiltrate the military-industrial and intelligence establishment of America, as the world's leading power, and, second, to secure a place on the planet inhabited by a pure "Aryan" race that will be the center of the "Fourth Reich."
From the present point of view, both of these goals seem to have remained unfulfilled. But is that so?
1. The Nazi SS rightly concluded that only the multi-billionaire corporate empire that pulled the main strings behind the American political scene was more powerful than the American government. A leading dynasty among them, the Rockefeller Foundation, appointed, among others, the Dwight Eisenhower as president and exerted significant influence in the media by manipulating public opinion in favor of its goals.
The Rockefellers not only helped Nazi Germany financially, but their Standard Oil (now Exxon - the world's largest oil corporation) literally fueled Nazi conquests of Europe. Nelson Rockefeller (also vice president of the United States in the 1970s) injected an initial number of 3,000 German agents into America, giving them a new identity and positions within the military-industrial complex. This super-secret operation was called PROJECT PAPERCLIP. Several leading scientists, from the famous Peenemunde Aerodynamics Institute (which made the V-1 and V-2 rockets that sowed terror over England), have found their place in American companies.
In 1793, Johann Rockefeller came from Germany to the United States as an immigrant and started a hellish dynasty. Not because he was a German but a German racist who had very dangerous international banking occult connections. In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the THULE Society ("Black Sun" plays a prominent role as a sacred Aryan symbol). The inner core of the Society is made up of "Satanists". In 1934, the branching Rockefeller Empire financially assisted a new German policy of racial superiority in collaboration with Texas wealthy Prescott Bush (the father of ex-president George Bush).
Hitler's second book (besides the famous "Mein Kampf") was called "The New World Order". The Nazis are the originators of the idea of ??specific corporate-political control over the world. Otto Skorzeny and the German Krupp family belong to this elite circle. (Krupp Corporation, among other things, produced ammunition during World War II; but, after the war, as the majority owner of the American giant ITT Corp., they finance secret microwave control projects at Brookhaven National Laboratories at underground bases below Montauk Point, Long Iceland).
Why faith need in God
Jesus said to thomas: now you see that i am alive but blessed are those who believe without seeing.
So we need faith in God without seeing.
disbelieving and disobeying truth of God comes from evil when devil is rebelled against God.
So many people do not believe in God because they find wrong reason and wrong teaching and bad thoughts that keep them to not believe, so they are deceived and misleaded from evil,
Evil brings wars and killings and sicknesses and destruction,in him is no truth and no good but all evil.
So wake up and read bible and believe and obey God to be saved from evil and from sin.
God said we have commandments and prophets in bible to obey for to be saved.
two greatest commandments are :1. Love God with all heart...,2. and love your neighbours as yourself.
and then 10 commandments.
God is Love and is Good. when man do good and away from evil ,he progress.
So do good for yourself and for others.
God bless.
So we need faith in God without seeing.
disbelieving and disobeying truth of God comes from evil when devil is rebelled against God.
So many people do not believe in God because they find wrong reason and wrong teaching and bad thoughts that keep them to not believe, so they are deceived and misleaded from evil,
Evil brings wars and killings and sicknesses and destruction,in him is no truth and no good but all evil.
So wake up and read bible and believe and obey God to be saved from evil and from sin.
God said we have commandments and prophets in bible to obey for to be saved.
two greatest commandments are :1. Love God with all heart...,2. and love your neighbours as yourself.
and then 10 commandments.
God is Love and is Good. when man do good and away from evil ,he progress.
So do good for yourself and for others.
God bless.
Genetically, Only a Small Percentage of Humans is Uniquely Human
Perhaps the variation in the amount that the individual has, helps explain why SOME people behave less human. 
From ScienceNews;
(Continued in my first comment box below)
From ScienceNews;
In response to:
Only a tiny fraction of our DNA is uniquely human
The result underscores how big of a hand interbreeding among ancient hominids had in shaping us
By Tina Hesman Saey
July 16, 2021 at 2:07 pm
The genetic tweaks that make humans uniquely human may come in small parcels interspersed with DNA inherited from extinct ancestors and cousins.
Only 1.5 percent to 7 percent of the collective human genetic instruction book, or genome, contains uniquely human DNA, researchers report July 16 in Science Advances.
That humans-only DNA, scattered throughout the genome, tends to contain genes involved in brain development and function, hinting that brain evolution was important in making humans human. But the researchers don’t yet know exactly what the genes do and how the exclusively human tweaks to DNA near those genes may have affected brain evolution.
“I don’t know if we’ll ever be able to say what makes us uniquely human,” says Emilia Huerta-Sanchez, a population geneticist at Brown University in Providence, R.I., who was not involved in the study. “We don’t know whether that makes us think in a specific way or have specific behaviors.” And Neandertals and Denisovans, both extinct human cousins, may have thought much like humans do (SN: 2/22/18).
The results don’t mean that individual people are mostly Neandertal or Denisovan, or some other mix of ancient hominid. On average, people in sub-Saharan Africa inherited 0.096 percent to 0.46 percent of their DNA from ancient interbreeding between their human ancestors and Neandertals, the researchers found (SN: 4/7/21). Non-Africans inherited more DNA from Neandertals: about 0.73 percent to 1.3 percent. And some people inherited a fraction of their DNA from Denisovans as well.
Using a new computational method, researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz examined every spot of DNA in the genomes of 279 people. The team compiled results from those individual genomes into a collective picture of the human genome. For each spot, the team determined whether the DNA came from Denisovans, Neandertals or was inherited from a common ancestor of humans and those long-lost relatives.
Although each person may carry about 1 percent Neandertal DNA, “if you look at a couple hundred people, they mostly won’t have their bit of Neandertal DNA in the same place,” says Kelley Harris, a population geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle who wasn’t involved in the work. “So if you add up all the regions where someone has a bit of Neandertal DNA, that pretty soon covers most of the genome.”
In this case, about 50 percent of the collective genome contains regions where one or more people inherited DNA from Neandertals or Denisovans, the researchers discovered. Most of the rest of the genome has been passed down from the most recent common ancestor of humans and their extinct cousins. After whittling away the ancient heirloom DNA, the team looked for regions where all people have human-specific tweaks to DNA that no other species have. That got the estimate of uniquely human DNA down to anywhere between 1.5 percent and 7 percent of the genome.
The finding underscores just how much interbreeding with other hominid species affected the human genome, says coauthor Nathan Schaefer, a computational biologist now at the University of California, San Francisco. The researchers confirmed previous findings from other groups that humans bred with Neandertals and Denisovans, but also with other extinct, unknown hominids (SN: 2/12/20)....
Only a tiny fraction of our DNA is uniquely human
The result underscores how big of a hand interbreeding among ancient hominids had in shaping us
By Tina Hesman Saey
July 16, 2021 at 2:07 pm
The genetic tweaks that make humans uniquely human may come in small parcels interspersed with DNA inherited from extinct ancestors and cousins.
Only 1.5 percent to 7 percent of the collective human genetic instruction book, or genome, contains uniquely human DNA, researchers report July 16 in Science Advances.
That humans-only DNA, scattered throughout the genome, tends to contain genes involved in brain development and function, hinting that brain evolution was important in making humans human. But the researchers don’t yet know exactly what the genes do and how the exclusively human tweaks to DNA near those genes may have affected brain evolution.
“I don’t know if we’ll ever be able to say what makes us uniquely human,” says Emilia Huerta-Sanchez, a population geneticist at Brown University in Providence, R.I., who was not involved in the study. “We don’t know whether that makes us think in a specific way or have specific behaviors.” And Neandertals and Denisovans, both extinct human cousins, may have thought much like humans do (SN: 2/22/18).
The results don’t mean that individual people are mostly Neandertal or Denisovan, or some other mix of ancient hominid. On average, people in sub-Saharan Africa inherited 0.096 percent to 0.46 percent of their DNA from ancient interbreeding between their human ancestors and Neandertals, the researchers found (SN: 4/7/21). Non-Africans inherited more DNA from Neandertals: about 0.73 percent to 1.3 percent. And some people inherited a fraction of their DNA from Denisovans as well.
Using a new computational method, researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz examined every spot of DNA in the genomes of 279 people. The team compiled results from those individual genomes into a collective picture of the human genome. For each spot, the team determined whether the DNA came from Denisovans, Neandertals or was inherited from a common ancestor of humans and those long-lost relatives.
Although each person may carry about 1 percent Neandertal DNA, “if you look at a couple hundred people, they mostly won’t have their bit of Neandertal DNA in the same place,” says Kelley Harris, a population geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle who wasn’t involved in the work. “So if you add up all the regions where someone has a bit of Neandertal DNA, that pretty soon covers most of the genome.”
In this case, about 50 percent of the collective genome contains regions where one or more people inherited DNA from Neandertals or Denisovans, the researchers discovered. Most of the rest of the genome has been passed down from the most recent common ancestor of humans and their extinct cousins. After whittling away the ancient heirloom DNA, the team looked for regions where all people have human-specific tweaks to DNA that no other species have. That got the estimate of uniquely human DNA down to anywhere between 1.5 percent and 7 percent of the genome.
The finding underscores just how much interbreeding with other hominid species affected the human genome, says coauthor Nathan Schaefer, a computational biologist now at the University of California, San Francisco. The researchers confirmed previous findings from other groups that humans bred with Neandertals and Denisovans, but also with other extinct, unknown hominids (SN: 2/12/20)....
(Continued in my first comment box below)
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